The Funeral of St. Stephen (detail) 1460

This detail of “The Funeral of St. Stephen,” painted by Filippo Lippi, captures mourners in quiet contemplation. The red headwear adorning them is of particular interest, as it echoes the "pileus," a cap worn by freed Roman slaves. This symbol experienced a resurgence during the Renaissance, and can be seen echoed in the French Revolution's "bonnet rouge," and even today, in the Smurfs' Phrygian caps! What was once a symbol of liberation devolved into class and national identity, its potent emotional association lingering, evoking ideas of freedom and revolt. This subtle repetition underscores how symbols evolve in meaning and social context. The emotional power of these symbols endures through time, engaging viewers on a deep, subconscious level. It speaks to our collective memory, reminding us that nothing is ever truly new; everything is connected.