Submission of Frederick Barbarossa before Pope Alexander III during the signing of the Treaty of Venice (detail) 1563

Francesco Salviati painted this fresco detail, 'Submission of Frederick Barbarossa before Pope Alexander III during the signing of the Treaty of Venice', in the Vatican’s Palazzo Apostolico. The complete artwork immortalizes the 1177 treaty, a landmark event in the power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. Salviati's fresco is a product of the Italian Renaissance when art was increasingly used to affirm power. Note how the figures are portrayed: Pope Alexander III is central and commanding, while Frederick Barbarossa kneels, surrendering his authority. This is more than a historical record, it is a carefully constructed demonstration of papal supremacy. In the 16th century, artists were expected to depict historical and religious subjects in ways that supported the prevailing social and political order. Salviati’s work is no exception, reinforcing the authority of the Catholic Church. As you observe, consider the narrative being presented. What does it say about power, submission, and the role of the Church in shaping European history? The emotional tenor of the piece lies in its grandeur, meant to inspire awe and reverence for the Church’s enduring influence.