Futuh al-Haramayn (Description of the Holy Cities) 16th century

This is a page from *Futuh al-Haramayn*, or ‘Description of the Holy Cities,’ likely made in the 16th century by Muhi al-Din Lari. It is made from ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. The intense detail and fine brushwork show the hand of a highly trained artist. It’s fascinating to think about the labor and skill involved in creating such intricate images. The artist would have needed a deep understanding of geometry, color theory, and calligraphy. They would have also relied on specialized tools like fine brushes made from animal hair, and pigments derived from minerals and plants. The application of gold leaf indicates the patron was a person of wealth. The book was meant to be an aide for those who could not make the pilgrimage to Mecca, giving them a virtual experience. The social context is deeply embedded in the materials and making of this artwork. It reflects not only religious devotion, but also the economic and cultural exchanges that shaped the Islamic world.