La Mere Gerard c. 1856

James McNeill Whistler created "La Mere Gerard" using etching, a printmaking process that democratized art production. The design is first drawn with a needle on a wax-coated metal plate. It's then bathed in acid, which bites into the exposed lines. The plate is inked, and the surface wiped clean, leaving ink only in the etched grooves. Finally, the plate is pressed onto paper, transferring the image. Look closely at the figure of the standing woman. Notice the density of hatched lines that create dark shadows, contrasting with the untouched areas that suggest light. The direction and density of the etched lines create texture. The beauty of etching lies in its replicability. It allowed artists like Whistler to explore and disseminate their visions widely, engaging with debates of labor, value, and artistry, and challenging the traditional boundaries of fine art.