Three ox skulls, two horse skulls, and a grotesque head, study for "Democritus in Meditation" 1662

Salvator Rosa made this etching, titled "Three ox skulls, two horse skulls, and a grotesque head, study for 'Democritus in Meditation,'" to prepare for a painting about the ancient Greek philosopher. Born in Naples, Rosa lived through a period of immense social upheaval, including revolts against Spanish rule and a devastating plague in the 1650s. In Rosa's time, the grotesque was often used to explore the boundaries of beauty, horror, and humor. Looking closely, the skulls and the grotesque head seem to engage in a silent dialogue. What do these animal remains tell us about the human condition? They seem to act as surrogates for human emotions and experiences. Rosa created a study of contrasts that prompt us to consider mortality and the ephemeral nature of life. By focusing on the raw, decaying aspects of existence, Rosa encourages us to confront the less palatable dimensions of our shared human fate.