Giorgio Ghisi created this engraving, Apollo and the Muses, in Italy sometime in the 16th century. It represents Apollo, god of music, poetry, and light, surrounded by the nine muses, goddesses of the arts and sciences. The image evokes the humanist culture of Renaissance Italy, where classical mythology was revived as a source of artistic and intellectual inspiration. The Muses preside over different artistic disciplines, reminding us of the period’s aspiration to cultivate knowledge. The presence of Apollo points to princely patronage, since Apollo was often used as a symbol by rulers. Engravings like this were luxury items, as they required complex skills and expensive materials, and they functioned as a means of circulating artistic ideas and reinforcing social hierarchies. To understand this print better, we might look at emblem books, collections of symbols and allegories popular at the time, as well as archival records of artistic patronage and courtly life.