Battle of Grunwald (detail) 

This segment of "Battle of Grunwald" was made in the late 19th century by Jan Matejko, primarily with oil paints on canvas, illustrating a pivotal historical clash. Look closely, and you'll see how Matejko uses the texture and color of oil paint to convey not just the scene, but also the weight and materiality of armor and weapons. The artist uses the qualities of the substance to bring forth the weight of these materials, and the impact of battle. Consider the labor involved, from mining the ore to forging the steel, and crafting the textiles, reflecting the economic and social structures of the time. The detail of each figure's attire also alludes to the labor and craftsmanship embedded in these materials. Recognizing these elements allows us to reflect on the complex relationships between labor, artistry, and historical narrative, broadening our appreciation for the painting.