Courtesan of Osaka and Her Attendant, left sheet of a triptych of beauties of the three capitals (Sanpukutsui Osaka hidari) c. 1745

This woodblock print of a Courtesan and her Attendant is by Ishikawa Toyonobu. The eye is drawn to the vertical composition dominated by the patterns of the kimonos. These patterns are stylized with geometric shapes and natural motifs. The textures created by these designs contrast with the smooth, pale skin of the figures. The color palette is muted, dominated by earth tones and soft yellows and pinks. The flatness of the figures, with minimal shading, emphasizes the decorative quality of the print. This formal arrangement reflects the Ukiyo-e tradition, often translating to the "floating world," a world of transient beauty and pleasure. The courtesan is not just an individual, but a signifier of cultural ideals. This print operates within a complex semiotic system. Her attire, the letter she reads, and the attendant all symbolize her status and role in society. The artist uses formal elements to present an image that is both aesthetically pleasing and culturally significant. It encapsulates prevailing values and beliefs about beauty, class, and representation.