Dancing couple(detail) 1663

Jan Steen’s oil painting gives us a glimpse into Dutch Golden Age society. The Dutch Republic in the 17th century was one of the wealthiest nations, dominating global trade. Paintings of everyday life became popular, reflecting a culture of commerce and increasing social mobility. But how does the image create meaning? Steen uses visual codes of dress, behavior, and setting to comment on social mores. His festive scenes, often featuring families drinking, eating, and making music, also served as moral lessons. Look at the child’s toy. Steen seems to suggest that social status is a game. This is reinforced by the fact that the little girl has a funny facial expression, which suggests she is mocking the adults present. Historians consult archival records such as probate inventories, tax rolls, and guild records to understand the social conditions in which Steen produced his art. These help to better understand the cultural norms of the Dutch Republic and to see Steen's work as part of an ongoing debate about what constitutes proper behavior. The meaning of art is contingent on social and institutional context.