Polyhymnia c. 1592

This engraving by Hendrick Goltzius depicts Polyhymnia, the Muse of rhetoric, sacred poetry, and eloquence. She sits serenely, draped in classical robes, holding a caduceus – a staff entwined with two snakes, often associated with Hermes, messenger of the gods, and commerce. The caduceus, however, is not Polyhymnia's typical attribute. Usually, she is depicted holding a scroll or a book, symbols of knowledge and writing, or with a pensive expression, embodying contemplation. Here, its inclusion might suggest a fusion of eloquence with diplomacy or negotiation, highlighting the power of persuasive speech. Interestingly, the caduceus, ancient in its origins, recurs through time, sometimes associated with medicine and healing, other times, as here, with communication. It is a potent symbol of the human need to connect and reconcile. Consider how the image of Polyhymnia—calm, thoughtful—engages our own subconscious desire for wisdom. Just as the caduceus winds its way through history, our cultural memory intertwines with these symbols, each encounter enriching their meaning and impact. The image is cyclical, continually revisiting our collective consciousness.