Francesco I d'Este Builds the Fortresses of Modena for the Security of his People, from L'Idea di un Principe ed Eroe Cristiano in Francesco I d'Este, di Modena e Reggio Duca VIII [...] 1659

Bartolomeo Fenice made this print, “Francesco I d'Este Builds the Fortresses of Modena for the Security of his People,” as part of a larger book celebrating the Duke. But what exactly was the public role of this image? As we can see, the Duke is at the center, directing the construction of fortifications. The work was made in Italy, a region known for its many principalities constantly at war with one another, where a ruler's legitimacy depended on his ability to provide security. This print, as part of a book praising the Duke, reminds us of the power of art as propaganda. The image implicitly comments on the social structures of its time, reinforcing the Duke’s authority by associating him with the protection of his people. It also evokes the institutions of art. The book itself, with its engravings, suggests that the Duke was a patron of the arts, a common claim to legitimacy at the time. To understand this image better, historians might consult sources about the Este family and archival records about the fortifications of Modena. The meaning of art is contingent on social and institutional contexts which is what makes it so interesting!