Confederated Coalition Possibly 1804

This print, *Confederated Coalition*, was made by James Gillray using etching and engraving, with watercolor applied to complete the image. These processes were central to the explosion of political cartoons in the late 18th century, as they allowed for relatively quick and cheap reproduction. Observe the sharp, satirical lines achieved by the etching needle. The original drawing was made on a wax-coated copper plate, then submerged in acid to bite the exposed lines. The engraver would then use hand tools to refine the image, adding details and tonal variation. Finally, the print would be pulled, and a team of colorists would add watercolor washes by hand, as we can see here. Look at the sheer amount of labor involved in this process – a division of labor reflecting the intense political passions of the time. Through the printmaking process, Gillray's satire reached a wide audience, playing a key role in shaping public opinion and influencing political debate. This artwork challenges the boundaries between fine art and popular culture, using accessible, reproducible methods to convey a powerful message.