President Cleveland, United States, from the Rulers, Flags, and Coats of Arms series (N126-2) issued by W. Duke, Sons & Co. 1888

This small chromolithograph of President Cleveland and the US coat of arms was produced by the W. Duke, Sons & Co. sometime between 1870 and 1920. Its original context was not a museum, but a cigarette pack insert, designed to encourage consumers to buy a particular brand. The symbolism is bold: the American bald eagle clutches arrows and an olive branch, representing the nation's power to wage war and its desire for peace. The shield on its chest evokes the stars and stripes of the American flag. The phrase ‘E Pluribus Unum’ means ‘Out of many, one’ - a reference to the union of US states. Such images helped construct a shared sense of national identity. They were important tools for reinforcing dominant ideologies and celebrating political leaders like President Cleveland. Historians consult sources like newspapers, advertisements, and company records to understand the social and economic forces behind such artworks. By understanding the context in which it was made we can better understand the role of such images in shaping public opinion.