Figure c. 9th century

This seated figure was made by an artist of the Totonac culture. The figure invites us to reflect on the social conditions that shaped artistic production in ancient Mesoamerica. The cultural references embedded in the figure—such as the elaborate headdress, and the necklace with a pendant—suggest the figure is meant to be seen as someone of high social status. Its contemplative pose implies the introspective practices of spiritual leaders. This object provides insight into the social hierarchies of the time. Art historians piece together fragments of the past through the study of iconography. Understanding the purpose of this figure requires analyzing the social and political context in which it was created, and the specific function it served. It’s in this light that we can appreciate the meaning of art as something contingent on social and institutional forces.